IAOMT daim ntawv tshaj tawm txoj haujlwm tiv thaiv kev siv tshuaj fluoride suav nrog ntau dua 500 cov ntawv sau tseg thiab muab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog kev tshawb fawb txog kev pheej hmoo kev noj qab haus huv ntsig txog kev raug tshuaj fluoride.
IAOMT daim ntawv qhia txog kev tawm tsam suav nrog ntau tshaj 500 nqe lus thiab muaj kev tshawb fawb kom ntxaws txog kev muaj feem ua rau muaj kev phom sij txog kev noj tshuaj fluoride.
Cov tshuaj fluorine (F) yog cuaj cuaj ntawm lub rooj noj mov thiab yog tus tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg halogen. Nws muaj qhov hnyav ntawm atomic phaus ntawm 18.9984, yog qhov rov xav tau ntawm txhua qhov ntawm cov ntsiab lus, thiab tsim cov ntawv cog lus ruaj khov electronegative. Nws yog tshwj xeeb yog nyiam rau qhov kev sib pauv sib luag ntawm cov calcium thiab magnesium. Hauv nws lub xeev tso tawm dawb, fluorine yog ib qho ua muaj kuab lom, daj ntseg diatomic gas. Txawm li cas los xij, fluorine tsis tshua pom muaj nyob hauv nws lub xeev dawb hauv qhov xwm txheej vim nws yuav luag txhua lub sijhawm sib txuas ua ke nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus vim qhov kev ua haujlwm siab. Cov tshuaj fluorine feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm cov pob zeb
fluorspar (CaF2), cryolite (Na3AlF6), thiab fluorapatite (3Ca3 (PO4) 2 Ca (F, Cl) 2), thiab nws yog tus kabmob 13 uas muaj tshaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb.
Cov tshuaj fluoride (F-) yog tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj fluorine uas muaj hluav taws xob ntxiv, nws thiaj li them cov nuj nqi tsis zoo. Lwm yam dua li nws qhov kev muaj nyob hauv cov zaub mov, thiab hauv av, dej, thiab huab cua, fluoride tseem yog cov tshuaj lom neeg rau kev siv hauv zej zog cov dej fluoridation, khoom kho hniav, thiab lwm yam khoom tsim. Tshuaj fluoride tsis tseem ceeb rau tib neeg kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob.1
Qhov tseeb, nws tsis yog rau txhua txoj kev nruab nrog cev hauv tib neeg lub cev; yog li ntawd, tsis muaj leej twg yuav raug mob los ntawm kev tsis muaj tshuaj fluoride. Xyoo 2014, Dr. Philippe Grandjean ntawm Harvard Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Dr. Philip J. Landrigan ntawm Icahn Tsev Kawm Ntawv Tshuaj ntawm Mount Mount Sinai pom tshuaj fluoride li ib qho ntawm 12 cov tshuaj lom neeg paub tau ua kom muaj kev loj hlob neurotoxicity hauv tib neeg. 2
Nqe 5.1: Kev Txhim Kho Dej Haus Hauv Zej Zog
Hauv Tebchaws Europe sab hnub poob, qee lub tseemfwv tau pom tias muaj kev phom sij txog fluoride, thiab tsuas yog 3% ntawm cov pejxeem nyob sab hnub poob tau haus dej fluoridated. 133 Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, ntau tshaj 66% ntawm cov neeg Amelikas haus cov dej muaj fluoridated.134 Tsis yog lub chaw pabcuam kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig (EPA) lossis tsoomfwv tsis tau tso cai rau cov dej fluoride hauv Asmeskas, thiab kev txiav txim siab fluoridate hauv zej zog yog tsim los ntawm lub xeev lossis lub nroog ib cheeb tsam. .135 136 Txawm li cas los xij, Asmeskas Pabcuam Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv (PHS) tsim cov tshuaj fluoride ntau nyob rau hauv cov dej haus hauv zej zog rau cov neeg xaiv haus fluoridate, thiab Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv Ib Puag Ncig (EPA) teeb tsa cov theem paug rau cov dej haus hauv zej zog.
Tom qab cov dej fluoridation nyob rau hauv Grand Rapids, Michigan, tau pib xyoo 1945, qhov kev coj ua kis tau mus rau hauv thaj chaw thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws hauv kaum xyoo tom qab ntawd. Cov kev siv dag zog no tau txhawb los ntawm Pej Xeem Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv (PHS) xyoo 1950, 137 thiab xyoo 1962, PHS tau tawm cov qauv tshuaj fluoride hauv cov dej haus uas yuav sawv kav 50 xyoo. Lawv tau hais tias cov tshuaj fluoride yuav tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob mob caries138 thiab tias cov tshuaj fluoride zoo ntxiv rau cov dej haus yuav tsum nyob nruab nrab ntawm 0.7 txog 1.2 milligrams ib litre.139 Txawm li cas los xij, PHS tau txo qis qhov kev pom zoo no rau ib theem ntawm 0.7 milligrams ib liter hauv 2015 vim muaj nce hauv cov hniav fluorosis (kev puas tsuaj rau cov hniav uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv cov menyuam los ntawm kev loj hlob mus rau cov tshuaj fluoride) thiab ua rau cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride nthuav dav rau Asmeskas.140
Lub caij no, Txoj Cai Tswj Xyuas Dej Haus Kev Nyab Xeeb tau raug tsim tsa thaum xyoo 1974 los tiv thaiv zoo haus dej haus Asmeskas, thiab nws tau tso cai rau EPA tswj hwm cov dej haus rau pej xeem. Vim hais tias
ntawm tsab cai no, EPA tuaj yeem tsim tau cov dej haus paug siab tshaj plaws (MCLs) rau cov dej haus, nrog rau cov dej tsis raug tswj lub hom phiaj (MCLGs) thiab cov dej haus tsis raws kev cai ntawm cov dej paug theem siab tshaj plaws paug (SMCLs) .141 EPA qhia meej tias MCLG yog "qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov dej tsis huv hauv cov dej haus thaum tsis muaj kev paub lossis xav tias yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tib neeg yuav tshwm sim, uas ua rau muaj kev nyab xeeb txaus." 142 Txuas ntxiv, EPA tsim nyog tias cov dej hauv zej zog siab tshaj MCL rau cov tshuaj fluoride "yuav tsum ceeb toom cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab ke ntawd sai li sai tau, tab sis tsis pub dhau 30 hnub tom qab lub kaw lus paub txog qhov kev ua txhaum." 143
Xyoo 1975, EPA tau teeb tsa ntau kawg cov paug (MCL) rau cov tshuaj fluoride nyob hauv cov dej haus ntawm 1.4 txog 2.4 milligrams ib zaug twg. 144 Lawv tau tsim txoj cai no los tiv thaiv kev kis hniav fluorosis. Xyoo 1981, South Carolina tau sib cav hais tias kev noj tshuaj fluoride yog ua kom zoo nkauj xwb, thiab lub xeev tau thov EPA tshem tawm MCL rau tshuaj fluoride. 145 Raws li qhov tshwm sim, xyoo 1985, EPA tau teeb tsa lub hom phiaj siab tshaj plaws (MCLG) rau cov tshuaj fluoride ntawm 4 milligrams ib zaug twg. 146 Dua li cov tshuaj fluorosis ua qhov chaw tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv (uas yuav tsum muaj kev nyab xeeb tsawg dua), qib siab dua no tau tsim los ua kev tiv thaiv pob txha nqaj hlau, mob pob txha los ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride ntau dhau. Siv cov pob txha fluorosis ua qhov kawg ntawm qhov zoo ib yam li tau hloov MCL rau cov tshuaj fluoride, uas tau tsa rau 4 milligrams rau ib zaug hauv xyoo 1986. 147 Tau, kev kho hniav fluorosis yog siv los ua qhov kawg rau SMCL rau tshuaj fluoride ntawm 2 milligrams ib liter, uas kuj tau teeb tsa thaum xyoo 1986. 148
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb tau ua raws li cov kev cai tshiab no thiab tseem ua rau cov kev cai lij choj rau EPA South Carolina tau sib cav hais tias tsis tas yuav tsum muaj MCLG (qhov siab tshaj plaws theem lub hom phiaj) rau cov tshuaj fluoride, thaum Natural Natural Defense Council tau sib cav hais tias MCLG yuav tsum raug txo qis raws li fluorosis kho hniav. 149 Ib lub tsev hais plaub tau txiav txim siab los ntawm EPA txoj kev pom zoo, tab sis kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride, EPA tau sau npe rau Lub Tshawb Nrhiav Kev Tshawb Fawb Hauv Tebchaws (NRC) ntawm National Academy of Sciences kom rov los tshuaj xyuas qhov muaj mob txaus ntshai ntawm fluoride.150 151
Daim ntawv tshaj tawm los ntawm National Research Council, tso tawm xyoo 2006, xaus lus tias EPA's MCLG (qhov siab tshaj plaws qib lub hom phiaj) rau cov tshuaj fluoride yuav tsum tau qis qis.152 Ntxiv rau kev lees paub tias muaj peev xwm txaus ntshai los ntawm fluoride thiab osteosarcoma (mob qog pob txha), 2006 Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb Hauv Tebchaws tau tshaj tawm txog kev txhawj xeeb txog cov leeg nqaij, cov teebmeem kev tsim khoom thiab kev loj hlob, cov teebmeem ntawm neurotoxicity thiab neurobehavioral, teebmeem genotoxicity thiab carcinogenicity, thiab cuam tshuam rau lwm yam khoom hauv nruab nrog cev.153
NRC xaus lus tias MCLG rau cov tshuaj fluoride yuav tsum tau qis nyob rau xyoo 2006, tab sis EPA tseem tsis tau txo qis dua.154 Xyoo 2016, Fluoride Action Network, IAOMT, thiab ib pawg ntawm lwm pab pawg thiab cov tib neeg tau thov EPA los tiv thaiv pej xeem, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev raug zam, ntawm neurotoxic txaus ntshai ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride los ntawm kev txwv tsis pub lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride rau haus dej.155 Daim ntawv foob tau tsis pom zoo los ntawm EPA thaum Lub Ob Hlis 2017.156
Nqe 5.2: Dej hauv hwj
Ib yam li cov tshuaj txhuam hniav thiab ntau cov khoom siv tshuaj txhuam hniav, dej hauv hwj kuj tseem muaj tshuaj fluoride.
Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Asmeskas Khoom Noj thiab Tshuaj (FDA) muaj lub luag haujlwm ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov qauv ntawm cov dej ntim hauv hwj yog raws li cov qauv rau cov kais dej uas tsim los ntawm EPA 157 thiab qib kev pom zoo uas tau teev tseg los ntawm Asmeskas Kev Pabcuam Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv (PHS). 158 Lub FDA tso cai cov dej hauv hwj uas ua tau raws li nws cov qauv 159 kom suav nrog cov lus hais tias haus cov dej muaj tshuaj fluoride muaj peev xwm txo tau txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm hniav lwj.
Nqe 5.3: Khoom Noj
FDA tau txiav txim siab txwv cov fluorine ntau ntxiv rau cov zaub mov hauv kev txaus siab rau cov pej xeem kev noj qab haus huv xyoo 1977. 161 Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj fluoride tseem muaj nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov vim yog kev npaj ua dej fluoridated, kis rau tshuaj tua kab thiab chiv, thiab lwm yam. Xyoo 2004, Tsoomfwv Meskas Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Lag Luam (USDA) tau tsim cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride ntau hauv cov dej haus thiab zaub mov, thiab daim ntawv tshaj tawm nrog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tau luam tawm xyoo 2005.162 Thaum daim ntawv tshaj tawm no tseem tseem ceeb, qib ntawm fluoride hauv zaub mov thiab dej haus muaj feem ntau tau nce siab dhau xyoo kaum los vim yog siv cov tshuaj fluoride ntau dua li cov tshuaj tua kab tsuag tsis ntev los no.163 Qee cov khoom noj tsis ncaj hauv lub sijhawm tam sim no tseem muaj cov tshuaj fluoride.
Tsis tas li ntawd, xyoo 2006, Lub Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb Hauv Tebchaws tau pom zoo tias "los pab kwv yees cov tshuaj fluoride los ntawm kev noj, cov neeg tsim khoom thiab cov neeg tsim khoom yuav tsum muab cov lus qhia txog cov tshuaj fluoride ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab dej haus." 165 Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yuav tsis tshwm sim txhua lub sijhawm ze rau yav tom ntej. Xyoo 2016, FDA tau hloov kho nws daim ntawv qhia zaub mov cov khoom noj rau Cov Khoom Noj thiab Ntxiv Cov Ntawv Tshawb Fawb thiab txiav txim siab tias cov lus tshaj tawm cov tshuaj fluoride yog kev yeem ntawm ob qho tib si rau cov khoom lag luam nrog cov tshuaj fluoride thiab cov khoom lag luam nrog cov tshuaj fluoride tiag tiag .166 Lub sijhawm ntawd, FDA kuj tsis tau tsim Tus Nqi Siv Qhia Txhua Hnub (DRV) rau cov tshuaj fluoride.167
Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, hauv xyoo 2016, FDA tau txwv tsis pub perfluoroalkyl ethyl uas muaj cov zaub mov-hu rau cov tshuaj (PFCSs), uas yog siv los ua cov tshuaj pleev roj thiab dej rau cov ntawv thiab ntawv. 168 Qhov kev coj ua no tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv toxicological thiab ib tsab ntawv foob los ntawm Natural Resources Defense Council thiab lwm pab pawg.
Lwm yam tshaj li qhov kev txiav txim siab no rau cov tshuaj fluoride hauv cov zaub mov, kev tsim cov tshuaj fluoride zoo hauv cov zaub mov vim tshuaj tua kab yog muab los ntawm FDA, EPA, thiab Lub Chaw Saib Xyuas Kev Nyab Xeeb thiab Tshuaj Ntsuam Xyuas ntawm Asmeskas chav tuam txhab ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb.
Nqe 5.4: Tshuaj tua kab
Cov tshuaj tua kab los muag lossis muag hauv Asmeskas yuav tsum rau npe nrog EPA, thiab EPA tuaj yeem tsim kom muaj kev zam rau cov tshuaj tua kab yog tias tso tawm los ntawm zaub mov pom tias muaj kev nyab xeeb.
Hauv qhov no, ob lub tshuaj fluoride muaj cov ncauj lus tsis sib haum:
1) Sulfuryl fluoride tau sau npe thawj zaug xyoo 1959 rau kev tswj kab lus hauv cov ntoo qauv 171 thiab xyoo 2004/2005 rau kev tswj cov kab hauv cov zaub mov tiav, xws li cov noob taum nplej, txiv hmab txiv ntoo qhuav, txiv ntoo ntoo, noob taum cocoa, taum kas fes, thiab hauv zaub mov tswj kev ua noj thiab chaw ua noj ua mov.172 Cov neeg muaj mob lom thiab tuag taus, thaum tsis tshua muaj, tau cuam tshuam nrog sulfuryl fluoride raug cuam tshuam txog cov tsev kho nrog cov tshuaj tua kab.173 Hauv 2011, vim muaj kev tshawb nrhiav tshiab thiab kev txhawj xeeb tsa los ntawm Fluoride Action Network ( FAN), EPA tau tawm tswv yim tias sulfuryl fluoride tsis ua raws li cov qauv kev nyab xeeb thiab tias qhov zam rau cov tshuaj tua kab no yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm.174 Hauv xyoo 2013, kev lag luam tshuaj tua kab muaj kev txhawb siab loj kom dhau EPA qhov kev pom zoo rau theem-tawm sulfuryl fluoride, thiab Qhov xav tau ntawm EPA tau rov qab los ntawm ib qho kev tso cai muaj nyob hauv Tsab Cai 2014 Farm Bill.175
2) Cryolite, uas muaj sodium aluminium fluoride, yog ib qho tshuaj tua kab uas tau sau npe ua ntej nrog EPA xyoo 1957.176 Cryolite yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob fluoride tseem ceeb uas siv rau hauv cov zaub mov cog qoob loo hauv Asmeskas (whereas sulfuryl fluoride yog siv los ua fumigant ntawm cov zaub mov tom qab sau qoob) Cov. Cryolite yog siv rau ntawm cov txiv qaub thiab pob zeb txiv hmab txiv ntoo, zaub, txiv ntseej, thiab txiv quav ntswv nyoos, 177 thiab tib neeg tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nws los ntawm lawv cov zaub mov noj, vim cryolite tuaj yeem tso cov tshuaj fluoride rau ntawm cov khoom noj uas nws tau thov. sulfuryl fluoride, EPA kuj tau thov kom thim tawm tag nrho cov tshuaj fluoride tiv thaiv kab mob hauv tshuaj tua kab .178 Qhov no yuav yog suav nrog cryolite; txawm li cas los xij, raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, qhov kev thov no tau hloov dhau lawm.
Nqe 5.5: Khoom Siv Kho Hniav Rau Siv Hauv Tsev
FDA xav kom sau npe rau "cov khoom lag luam tshuaj muaj yees" muag tom khw muag tshuaj, xws li tshuaj txhuam hniav thiab tshuaj yaug qhov ncauj. Qhov tshwj xeeb lo lus rau daim ntawv lo yog xaiv los ntawm daim foos
cov khoom lag luam (piv txwv li gel los yog muab tshuaj txhuam thiab yaug), thiab raws li los ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride (piv txwv li 850-1,150 ppm, 0.02% sodium fluoride, thiab lwm yam.) 180 Cov lus ceeb toom tseem raug faib los ntawm pawg hnub nyoog (piv txwv li ob xyoos thiab laus dua, qis dua rau , 12 xyoos rov saud, thiab lwm yam). Qee qhov kev ceeb toom siv rau tag nrho cov khoom lag luam, xws li cov hauv qab no:
(1) Rau txhua qhov tshuaj txhuam hniav fluoride (gel, paste, thiab hmoov) cov khoom lag luam. “Saib xyuas kom ncav cuag cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 6 xyoo. Yog tias ntau tshaj qhov siv txhuam hniav yog raug nqos mus zoo li ntawd, nrhiav kev pab kho mob lossis hu rau Chaw Thaiv Tshuaj Kuab Lom tamsis ntawd. ”181
(2) Rau tag nrho cov tshuaj fluoride yaug thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tiv thaiv gel. “Txhob ncav cuag cov menyuam yaus. [sau ua hom loj txaus yog tias siv ntau dua rau ”(xaiv lo lus kom raug:“ txhuam hniav ”lossis“ yaug ”)“ yog tau nqos yuam kev, nrhiav kev pab kho mob lossis hu rau Chaw Thaiv Tshuaj Kuab Lom tamsis ntawd. ”182
Ib tsab ntawv tshawb fawb luam tawm nyob rau xyoo 2014 tsa muaj kev txhawj xeeb tseem ceeb txog daim paib no. Tshwj xeeb, cov kws sau ntawv tau tsim tias ntau dua li 90% ntawm cov khoom lawv tau ntsuas tau teev tseg rau FDA ceeb toom rau kev siv tsuas yog siv rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog tshaj li ob xyoos nyob sab nraum lub raj tshuaj txhuam hniav thiab hauv cov font.183 zoo xws li tau qhia txog kev ceeb toom los ntawm American Dental Association (ADA), uas yog pab pawg lag luam thiab tsis yog cov koomhaum tseemfwv. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg tias tag nrho cov tshuaj txhuam hniav nrog kev pom zoo lossis kev lees paub los ntawm ADA tau tso tsab cai ceeb toom ADA (tias menyuam yuav tsum siv cov tshuaj txhuam hniav ntau thiab tsuas yog saib xyuas los ntawm cov neeg laus los txo qis nqos) nyob rau sab nraum qab ntawm lub raj hauv cov ntawv me. .184 Cov tswv yim kev lag luam tau
qhia ntxiv tias yog txhawb nqa tshuaj txhuam hniav zoo li nws yog khoom noj khoom haus, uas cov kws tshawb nrhiav lees paub tias yog cov kev siv phom sij uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov menyuam yaus nqos cov khoom lag luam.185
Txawm hais tias kev siv hlua dig hniav los ua tau raws li FDA yog khoom siv rau chav kawm I, 186 siv hlua dig hniav uas muaj tshuaj fluoride (feem ntau storous fluoride) yog suav tias yog khoom sib xyaw ua ke [187] thiab yuav tsum muaj
Cov ntawv cog hniav ua ntej.188 Cov hlua dig hniav tseem tuaj yeem muaj cov tshuaj fluoride nyob rau hauv kev ua cov tshuaj sib tov sib xyaw; 189 txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj ntaub ntawv hais txog hom tshuaj fluoride hauv cov pas dig hniav.
yuav nyob ntawm tus sau phau ntawv no txoj hauj lwm.
Nqe 5.6: Khoom Kho Hniav rau Siv Hauv Chaw Kho Hniav
Feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv nyob rau hauv chaw kho hniav uas tuaj yeem tso tshuaj fluoride raug tswj raws li cov khoom siv kho mob / kho hniav, xws li qee cov khoom ntim khoom siv kho hniav, 190 191 qee cov khoom kho hniav, 192 thiab qee cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov ncauj. Cov khoom siv kho hniav tau muab cais los ntawm FDA raws li Chav Kawm II Hauv Cov Khoom Siv Kho Mob, 193 lub ntsiab lus tias FDA tau muab "kev lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm lub cuab yeej kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab ua tau zoo" yam tsis muaj cov khoom lag luam rau qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev tswj fwm kev tswj hwm.194 Qhov tseem ceeb, ua rau FDA cov txheej txheem, cov khoom siv kho hniav nrog cov tshuaj fluoride yog suav tias yog cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke, 195 thiab cov tshuaj fluoride tso tawm cov ncauj lus yuav tsum tau muab raws li ib feem ntawm kev tshaj tawm ua ntej kev lag luam rau cov khoom. tau kev tso cai yog tias kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tau tsim los ntawm IDE [Kev Tshawb Nrhiav Ntaus Cov Khoom Txwv]. " Xyoo Ntxiv mus, thaum FDA tau hais tawm cov tshuaj fluoride tso tawm ntawm qee cov khoom kho hniav, FDA tsis tau tshaj tawm cov khoom lag luam tawm lawv ntawm lawv lub vev xaib kom siv rau hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob caries.
Ib yam li ntawd, thaum varnishes fluoride raug pom zoo ua Class II Cov Khoom Siv Kho Mob rau kev siv los ua kab noj hniav thiab / lossis cov kaus hniav kom huv, lawv tsis pom zoo rau siv hauv cov kev tiv thaiv kab noj hniav. deev nrog ntxiv cov tshuaj fluoride, qhov no tau txiav txim siab los ntawm FDA yog ib qho tsis pom zoo, ua rau tsis quav yeeb tshuaj. Ib qho ntxiv, FDA cov cai ua rau tus kws kho mob / kws kho hniav ntxuav lub luag hauj lwm rau cov ntawv sau npe ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj pom zoo. 200
Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau xyoo 2014, FDA tau tso cai siv cov nyiaj diamine fluoride rau kev txo hniav kom zoo.202 hauv ib tsab xov xwm luam tawm xyoo 2016, pawg kws tshaj lij ntawm University of California, San Francisco, Tsev Kawm Ntawv Cov Kws Kho Hniav, tau lees paub tias, thaum tsis muaj daim ntawv lo. kev siv nyiaj diamine fluoride (xws li hauv kev tswj hwm caries) yog tam sim no tso cai los ntawm kev cai lij choj, muaj kev xav tau tus txheej txheem qauv, raws tu qauv, thiab kev tso cai.203
Tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov yog tias cov tshuaj muaj tshuaj fluoride siv thaum lub sijhawm kho hniav tawm (ntxuav) muaj tshuaj fluoride ntau dua li cov tshuaj txhuam hniav muag muag (piv txwv li 850-1,500 ppm hauv cov tshuaj txhuam hniav zoo nkauj 204 tiv thaiv 4,000-20,000 ppm fluoride hauv kev tshaj tawm hniav 205). Cov tshuaj fluoride tsis lees txais los ntawm FDA lossis ADA kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tiv thaiv kev mob kaus hniav.206
Nqe 5.7: Tshuaj Kho Mob (Nrog Rau Cov Tshuaj Ntxiv)
Cov tshuaj fluoride yog txhob txwm ntxiv rau cov tshuaj kws kho mob (tee, ntsiav tshuaj, thiab lozenges feem ntau hu ua “tshuaj pab” lossis “vitamins”) uas ib txwm muaj rau cov menyuam yaus, raug iab liam kom tiv thaiv kab noj hniav. Xyoo 1975, FDA tau hais txog kev siv tshuaj fluoride ntxiv los ntawm kev thim daim ntawv thov tshuaj tshiab rau Ernziflur fluoride. Tom qab FDA ntsuas rau ntawm Ernziflur lozenges tau
luam tawm nyob rau hauv Tsoom Fwv Tso Npe Tso Npe, ib tsab xov xwm tau pom nyob rau hauv Txoj Kev Kho Mob Qhia tias FDA pom zoo thim "vim tias tsis muaj ib qho pov thawj tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv tshuaj raws li kws kho mob, pom zoo, lossis tawm tswv yim hauv nws cov ntawv sau." FDA tau qhia rau cov tuam txhab tsim tshuaj fluoride thiab vitamin npaj uas lawv
txuas ntxiv kev lag luam yog ua txhaum cov kev cai muag tshuaj tshiab ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Khoom Noj, Tshuaj, thiab Tshuaj Kom Zoo; lawv muaj, yog li ntawd, tau thov kom ua kev lag luam ntawm cov khoom no mus txuas ntxiv. "209 210
Hauv xyoo 2016, FDA xa ib tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntxiv txog qhov teeb meem tib yam tsis pom zoo siv tshuaj tshiab rau ntau yam nrog rau cov tshuaj fluoride ntxiv nyob rau xyoo 1975. Ib tsab ntawv, sau
Lub Ib Hlis 13, 2016, tau xa mus rau Kirkman Lub Chaw Ntsuas txog plaub plaub yam sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride concoctions sau ua cov pab cuam hauv kev tiv thaiv cov kab mob hniav .211 FDA ceeb toom tsab ntawv muaj lub tuam txhab 15 hnub los ua kom raws txoj cai212 thiab pabcuam raws li tseem lwm cov piv txwv ntawm cov menyuam yaus muaj xwm txheej tsis zoo tau txais tshuaj fluoride npaj, uas tam sim no tau muaj teeb meem hauv Asmeskas tau ntau xyoo 40 xyoo.
Lub sijhawm no, cov tshuaj fluorine tseem raug tso cai ntxiv rau lwm cov tshuaj kws tshuaj. Qee qhov laj thawj uas tau txheeb xyuas rau qhov nws ntxiv rau cov tshuaj muaj xws li cov neeg lees tias nws tuaj yeem "nce ntxiv qhov tshuaj."
kev xaiv, ua kom nws yaj nyob rau hauv cov rog, thiab txo qhov kev ceev ntawm cov tshuaj metabolized, yog li cia nws ntau sijhawm ua haujlwm. " 213 20-30% ntawm cov tshuaj sib ntxiv tau kwv yees muaj tshuaj fluorine.214 Qee cov tshuaj uas nrov tshaj plaws muaj xws li Prozac, Lipitor, thiab Ciprobay (ciprofloxacin), 215 ntxiv rau cov tsev neeg fluoroquinolone (gemifloxacin [kev ua lag luam raws li qhov tseeb], levofloxacin [ua lag luam li Levaquin], moxifloxacin [ua lag luam li Avelox], norfloxacin [ua lag luam li Noroxin], thiab ofloxacin [ua lag luam li Floxin thiab genlo ofloxacin]).
216
Hais txog cov tshuaj fluoroquinolones, FDA tau tshaj tawm cov lus ceeb toom tshiab txog kev cuam tshuam cov kev mob tshwm sim hauv xyoo 2016, xyoo tom qab cov tshuaj no tau qhia ua ntej tom khw. Hauv lawv daim ntawv tshaj tawm Lub Xya Hli 2016, FDA tau hais tias:
Cov tshuaj no cuam tshuam nrog kev xiam oob qhab thiab cov kev mob tshwm sim mus tas li ntawm cov leeg, cov leeg, pob qij txha, cov leeg ntshav, thiab lub hauv nruab nrab cov hlab ntsha tuaj yeem sib koom ua ke hauv tib tus neeg mob. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, peb tau kho dua Boxed Warning, FDA qhov kev ceeb toom zoo tshaj plaws, los daws cov teeb meem kev nyab xeeb loj no. Peb kuj tau ntxiv ib qho kev ceeb toom tshiab thiab hloov kho rau lwm feem ntawm daim ntawv qhia cov tshuaj, suav nrog Cov Neeg Qhia Tshuaj Kho Mob.217
Vim tias cov kev cuam tshuam no tshwm sim, FDA tau qhia tias cov tshuaj no yuav tsum tau siv thaum tsis muaj lwm txoj kev kho mob rau cov neeg mob vim tias cov kev pheej hmoo loj dua tuaj
cov txiaj ntsig.218 Thaum lub sijhawm xyoo 2016 tsab ntawv tshaj tawm FDA, nws tau kwv yees tias ntau tshaj 26 lab Asmeskas neeg tau siv cov tshuaj no txhua xyoo. 219
Nqe 5.8: Cov Pleev Nkag Nkag Ua Si
Per- thiab polyfluoroalkyl tshuaj (PFASs), kuj tseem hu ua perfluorinated tebchaw lossis tshuaj tsw qab (PFCs), yog cov tshuaj siv rau hauv ntaub pua plag, tshuaj ntxuav, khaub ncaws, cookware,
ntim khoom noj, xim pleev xim, ntawv sau, thiab lwm yam khoom lag luam vim tias lawv muab cov hluav taws tiv thaiv thiab roj, stain, roj thiab dej tsis pom zoo.220 221 Piv txwv, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) yog siv los ua polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), uas yog siv hauv Teflon , Gore-tex, Scotchguard, thiab Stainmaster.222
Txawm li cas los xij, thaum tshaj 200 tus kws tshawb fawb los ntawm 38 lub teb chaws tau kos npe rau "Madrid Lus Tshaj Tawm" hauv 2015, 223 qhov kev txhawj xeeb txog cov yeeb tshuaj ntawd thiab lawv cov kev sib txuas mus rau qhov mob tsis zoo tau tshaj tawm.224
Txuas ntxiv, nyob rau xyoo 2016, EPA tau hais ntawm PFSAs:
Cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias kev cuam tshuam rau PFOA thiab PFOS nyob rau qee qib yuav ua rau muaj kev mob tshwm sim tsis zoo, suav nrog kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam hauv plab thaum cev xeeb tub lossis pub mis rau menyuam noj (xws li lub cev tsis tshua muaj ceeb thawj, kev pub dawb, kev hloov pob txha), mob qog nqaij hlav (piv txwv, testicular , mob raum), mob rau daim siab (piv txwv li, kev puas tsuaj rau cov nqaij mos), cov kev tiv thaiv kab mob (piv txwv li, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob), thiab lwm yam cuam tshuam (piv txwv li, hloov hauv cov cholesterol) .225
Yog li, hauv Asmeskas, kev siv zog tsuas yog nyuam qhuav pib ua kom txo qis kev siv cov tshuaj no. Piv txwv, xyoo 2016, EPA tau tshaj tawm cov lus qhia txog kev noj qab haus huv rau PFOA thiab PFOS hauv kev haus dej, qhia txog qib theem ntawm lossis qis dua uas muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo uas yuav tsis muaj kev xav tias yuav muaj tshwm sim hauv lub neej ntawm kev sib kis raws li 0.07 feem rau ib lab (70 ntu ib trillion) rau PFOA thiab PFOS.226 Xws li lwm qhov piv txwv, xyoo 2006, EPA koom nrog yim lub tuam txhab los ntawm kev tswj hwm txoj haujlwm rau yim lub tuam txhab no los txo thiab rhuav tshem PFOA los ntawm 2015.227 Tsis tau, EPA muaj
kuj sau ntawv tias lawv "muaj kev txhawj xeeb" txog cov tuam txhab tsim cov khoom lag luam uas tsis koom nrog txoj haujlwm no.228
Nqe 5.9: Kev Ua Haujlwm
Raug tshuaj fluoride (fluoride, perfluoride) hauv chaw ua haujlwm yog tswj hwm Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb & Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv (OSHA). Kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv feem ntau tau txiav txim siab rau cov qauv no yog mob pob txha fluorosis, thiab cov kev txwv rau kev ua haujlwm rau cov tshuaj fluoride muaj raws li qhia tseg los ntawm 2.5 mg / m3.229
Hauv ib tsab xov xwm 2005 tau luam tawm hauv International Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Ua Haujlwm thiab Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ib puag ncig thiab nthuav tawm ib feem ntawm American College of Toxicology Symposium, tus kws sau ntawv Phyllis J. Mullenix, PhD, tau txheeb xyuas qhov xav tau kev tiv thaiv chaw ua haujlwm zoo dua los ntawm cov tshuaj fluorides.230 Tshwj xeeb, Dr. tau sau tias thaum cov qauv tshuaj fluoride yeej zoo ib yam:
Tsuas yog nyuam qhuav dhau los muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais tawm tsis yog qhia tias cov qauv no tau muab kev tiv thaiv tsis txaus rau cov neeg ua haujlwm raug cov tshuaj fluorine thiab fluoride, tab sis tias rau ntau caum xyoo kev lag luam tau muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog los txheeb xyuas cov qauv 'tsis txaus ntseeg thiab teeb tsa ntau qhov kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig. 231
Hauv xyoo 2006 daim ntawv tshaj tawm los ntawm National Research Council (NRC) ntawm National Academy of Sciences hauv kev soj ntsuam cov kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride raug soj ntsuam, kev txhawj xeeb tau hais txog cov koom haum muaj peev xwm ntawm fluoride thiab osteosarcoma (mob qog pob txha), pob txha lov, mob rau lub cev, mob nqaij pob txha. kev ua me nyuam thiab kev loj hlob, cov teebmeem ntawm neurotoxicity thiab neurobehavioral, genotoxicity thiab carcinogenicity, thiab cuam tshuam rau lwm yam khoom hauv nruab nrog cev.232
Txij thaum NRC tsab ntawv tshaj tawm tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 2006, tau tsim muaj ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb ntxiv txog qhov no. Qhov tseeb, hauv xyoo 2016 cov pej xeem thov tsab ntawv thov EPA los ntawm Fluoride Action Network (FAN), IAOMT, thiab lwm pab pawg, Michael Connett, Esq., Tus Thawj Coj Kev Cai lij choj ntawm FAN, tau muab cov npe ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tshiab qhia txog kev puas tsuaj los ntawm fluoride, uas tau cuam tshuam zoo heev, tshwj xeeb yog vim muaj pes tsawg tus neeg kawm ntxiv: 233
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, Petitioners tau txheeb xyuas thiab txuas 196 cov kev tshawb fawb luam tawm uas tau daws cov teebmeem neurotoxic ntawm fluoride raug ntxiv tom qab NRC cov tshuaj xyuas, suav nrog 61 kev tshawb nrhiav tib neeg, 115 kev tshawb fawb tsiaj, 17 kev tshawb fawb ntawm tes, thiab 3 txoj kev soj ntsuam hauv lub cev.
Tom-NRC tib neeg kev tshawb fawb suav nrog:
• 54 qhov kev tshawb nrhiav cov tshuaj fluoride ua rau kev paub tab, suav nrog tab sis tsis txwv rau IQ, nrog rau tag nrho 8 ntawm cov kev tshawb nrhiav no nrhiav cov lus sau tseg.
kev koom tes ntawm kev sib kis fluoride thiab teeb meem kev txawj ntse.234
• 3 kev tshawb nrhiav cov tshuaj fluoride cuam tshuam rau lub hlwb hauv tus menyuam, nrog rau peb ntawm 3 qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau tshaj tawm cov teebmeem phem.235
• 4 cov kev tshawb nrhiav tshawb xyuas cov tshuaj fluoride koom nrog lwm cov ntawv ntawm kev phom sij ntawm neurotoxic, suav nrog ADHD, kev hloov pauv ntawm tus cwj pwm neonatal, thiab ntau cov tsos mob ntawm paj hlwb.
Kev soj ntsuam tom qab NRC tsiaj suav nrog:
• 105 txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tshawb xyuas cov tshuaj fluoride qhov muaj peev xwm tsim cov tshuaj neuroanatomical thiab neurochemical hloov pauv, nrog txhua yam tab sis 2 ntawm kev tshawb pom pom tsawg kawg ib qho cuam tshuam tsawg kawg ntawm ib qho kev sim tshuaj ntau ntau.237
• 31 tshawb nrhiav cov tshuaj fluoride ua rau kev kawm thiab nco qab, nrog rau txhua tus tab sis ib qho ntawm cov kev tshawb pom pom tsawg kawg ib qho cuam tshuam hauv cov tshuaj fluoride-kho pawg.
• 18 qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tshawb xyuas cov tshuaj fluoride cuam tshuam rau lwm yam ntawm neurobehavior ntxiv rau kev kawm thiab nco, nrog rau txhua tus tab sis ib qho ntawm cov kev tshawb pom pom cov cuam tshuam.239
Cov kev tshawb fawb tom qab NRC cell suav nrog:
• 17 kev tshawb fawb, suav nrog 2 txoj kev tshawb nrhiav uas tshawb nrhiav thiab pom cov cuam tshuam ntawm qib fluoride uas tshwm sim mus ntev hauv cov neeg Asmeskas cov ntshav nyob hauv cov zej zog fluoridated.240
Ntxiv rau cov kev tshawb fawb saum toj no, Petitioners xa tawm peb post-NRC cov kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv, nrog rau ob qho uas hais txog tib neeg / IQ cov ntawv nyeem, thiab ib qho
hais txog tsiaj / keeb kwm kev paub ntaub ntawv.241
Nws yog qhov tseeb tias ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau txheeb pom qhov yuav muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg los ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride nyob rau ntau theem ntawm kev raug, suav nrog qib tam sim no suav tias muaj kev nyab xeeb. Txawm hais tias txhua nqe lus no tsim nyog mloog thiab sib tham, cov npe sau tseg muaj nyob hauv qab ntawm daim ntawv qhia dav dav txog kev cuam tshuam kev noj qab haus huv cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj fluoride, uas muaj cov ntsiab lus hais txog cov lus ceeb toom thiab kev tshawb fawb.
Nqe 6.1: Cov Kab Mob Hlab
Cov tshuaj fluoride coj mus rau hauv tib neeg lub cev nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntshav mus rau hauv lub plab zom zaub mov.242 cov tshuaj fluoride feem ntau uas tsis tso tawm hauv cov zis yuav muab tso rau hauv lub cev. Feem ntau tau hais tias 99% ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride no nyob hauv tus pob txha, 243 qhov chaw nws nkag mus rau hauv cov qauv crystalline thiab tsub zuj zus raws lub sijhawm.244 Yog li, nws yog qhov tsis paub tseeb tias cov hniav thiab pob txha yog cov nqaij hauv lub cev uas mloog cov tshuaj fluoride rau uas peb tau raug.
Qhov tseeb, hauv nws daim ntawv qhia xyoo 2006, Lub Chaw Tshawb Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb Hauv Tebchaws (NRC) tau sib tham txog qhov txaus ntshai ntawm cov pob txha pob txha los ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride ntau dhau los nrog kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb. Tshwj xeeb,
tsab ntawv tshaj tawm tau hais tias: "Tag nrho, muaj kev pom zoo ntawm pawg neeg hais tias muaj pov thawj tshawb pom tias qee lub sijhawm cov tshuaj fluoride tuaj yeem ua rau pob txha tsis muaj zog thiab ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm pob txha tawg."
Nqe 6.1.1: Hniav fluorosis
Tshaj tawm cov tshuaj fluoride ntau heev hauv cov menyuam yaus yog paub tias ua rau cov hniav fluorosis, ib qho mob uas cov hniav txha hniav laus puas tsuaj thiab cov hniav ua rau cov hniav puas tas mus li, ua kom pom cov xim dawb lossis xim av txhaws thiab ua rau cov hniav tawg thiab ua kom yooj yim. tau pom zoo hauv kev tshawb fawb txij li xyoo 246 uas ua kom cov tshuaj fluoride ua rau mob hnyav, uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm mob sib khuav mus rau mob hnyav. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv thiab Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob (CDC) tau tshaj tawm xyoo 1940, 2010% ntawm cov neeg Asmeskas hnub nyoog 23-6 thiab 49% ntawm cov menyuam hnub nyoog 41-12 nthuav tawm cov tshuaj fluorosis txog qee qhov degree.15. yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb hauv Txoj Haujlwm Pabcuam Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv txoj kev txiav txim siab kom txo qis nws cov dej haus ua kom pom zoo hauv xyoo 247
Daim Duab 1: Hniav fluorosis Muaj Txij Ntawm Heev Ntawm Qhov Loj Mus
(Cov duab los ntawm Dr. David Kennedy thiab tau siv nrog kev tso cai los ntawm cov neeg raug mob hniav fluorosis.)
Cov Duab ntawm Kev Kho Hniav fluorosis, thawj lub cim ntawm fluoride lom, suav txij li mob me heev mus rau qhov hnyav; Daim duab los ntawm Dr. David Kennedy thiab siv tau kev tso cai ntawm cov neeg raug tsim txom cov tshuaj fluorosis
Nqe 6.1.2: Skeletal Fluorosis thiab Mob Pob Txha
Zoo li hniav fluorosis, txha hniav pob txha fluor yog yam ua pov thawj tsis tau lees paub ntawm kev ua kom muaj fluoride. Skeletal fluorosis ua rau cov pob txha denser, mob sib koom tes, ib qho kev txwv ntawm kev sib koom tes, thiab hauv
Cov mob hnyav, muaj txha nraub qaum txham.249 Txawm hais tias xam pom muaj tsawg hauv Asmeskas, tus mob tshwm sim, 250 thiab nws tau qhia tsis ntev los no hais tias mob pob txha mos yuav yog ib qho teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv tshaj li yav tas los lees paub.251
Raws li kev tshawb fawb tawm hauv xyoo 2016 tau sau tseg, tseem tsis tau muaj kev pom zoo hauv kev tshawb fawb txog cov tshuaj fluoride ntau npaum li cas thiab / lossis ntev npaum li cas ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride yuav tsum tau noj ua ntej pob txha muaj fluoride. 252
Qee lub sijhawm ib tus neeg ua haujlwm tau hais tias pob txha mos fluorosis tsuas yog tshwm sim tom qab 10 xyoo lossis ntau dua ntawm kev sib kis, kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias menyuam yaus tuaj yeem txhim kho tus kabmob no kom tsawg li rau lub hlis, 253
thiab qee tus neeg laus tau tsim nws hauv kev li ob txog xya rau xya xyoo.254 Ib yam li ntawd, thaum qee tus tub ceev xwm tau qhia tias 10 mg / hnub ntawm fluoride tsim nyog txhawm rau txhim kho pob txha mos fluorosis, kev tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm tias ntau qis dua cov tshuaj fluoride (hauv qee kis mob qis dua 2ppm) kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau tus kabmob no .255 Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tshawb fawb luam tawm xyoo 2010 paub tseeb tias pob txha mos cov lus teb rau cov tshuaj fluoride nws txawv ntawm ib leeg.256
Hauv cov neeg mob uas mob pob txha ntawm fluorosis, fluoride kuj tau xav tias ua rau mob hyperparathyroidism thiab / lossis ua rau cov pob txha puas zoo ib yam li hyperparathyroidism. Qhov xwm txheej, uas feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm kab mob hauv lub raum, tau tshwm sim thaum theem ntawm calcium thiab phosphorous hauv cov ntshav qis dhau heev lawm.257 Ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas tau sau los ntawm Fluoride Action Network (FAN) kuaj xyuas qhov muaj feem yuav muaj fluoride. pab rau txoj kev noj qab haus huv no. 258
Vim tias cov tsos mob arthritic yog txuam nrog kev mob pob txha ntawm fluorosis, mob caj dab yog lwm qhov kev txhawj xeeb hauv kev hais txog cov tshuaj fluoride. Qhov tshwj xeeb hauv qhov no, kev tshawb fawb tau txuas cov tshuaj fluoride rau kev mob txha caj qaum, ob leeg nrog lossis tsis muaj pob txha fluorosis.259 Tsis tas li ntawd, temporomandibular kev sib koom tes tsis sib haum (TMJ) tau cuam tshuam nrog kev kho hniav thiab mob pob txha fluorosis.260
Tshooj 6.1.3: Mob Qog Pob Txha Pob Txha, Osteosarcoma
Hauv xyoo 2006, NRC tau sib tham txog qhov muaj peev xwm txuas tau ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride thiab osteosarcoma. Hom mob pob txha no tau raug lees paub tias yog "pawg neeg tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau pawg menyuam 261 thiab feem ntau mob cancer rau cov neeg hluas." 262 NRC qhia tias thaum muaj pov thawj txaus txaus, fluoride zoo li muaj feem ua rau mob qog nqaij hlav cancer. .XNUMX
Lawv elucidated tias osteosarcoma yog qhov kev txhawj xeeb tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim tias fluoride tso rau hauv cov pob txha thiab cov nyhuv ntawm fluoride ntawm cov pob txha hlwb.263.
Thaum qee qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tau ua tsis tiav pom tias muaj kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride thiab osteosarcoma, raws li kev tshawb fawb tiav los ntawm Dr. Elise Bassin thaum nyob hauv Harvard Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Kev Kho Hniav, raug cov tshuaj fluoride ntawm cov qib pom zoo cuam tshuam nrog xya-zaus nce ntawm osteosarcoma thaum cov tub hluas. nthuav tawm thaum muaj hnub nyoog tsib thiab xya xyoo xyoo 264, Bassin qhov kev tshawb fawb, luam tawm xyoo 2006, tsuas yog kev kawm txog osteosarcoma uas tau ua rau muaj kev phom sij raws hnub nyoog rau hauv account.265
Nqe 6.2: Cov Kev Nruab Nrab Nruab Nrab
Kev muaj peev xwm ntawm fluorides cuam tshuam rau lub hlwb tau tsim tau zoo. Hauv lawv tsab ntawv ceeb toom xyoo 2006, NRC piav qhia: "Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tawm ntau los ntawm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb, tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov tshuaj molecular, pom tseeb tias cov tshuaj fluoride muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hlwb thiab lub cev los ntawm kev ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj. . ”266 Ob qho tag nrho dementia thiab Alzheimer
tus kab mob no tseem tau hais nyob hauv NRC tsab ntawv ceeb toom rau kev txiav txim siab tias muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj fluoride.267
Cov kev txhawj xeeb tau muaj pov thawj. Cov kev tshawb fawb txog dej fluoridation thiab IQ cov teebmeem tau ua tib zoo tshawb xyuas hauv kev tshawb fawb luam tawm thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2012 xyoo hauv Kev Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ib Cheeb Tsam. ) tau qis dua IQs dua li pawg tswj hwm.268 Txij li tau tshaj tawm xyoo 12 kev soj ntsuam, ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv pom txo IQs hauv cov zej zog muaj tsawg dua 4 mg / L ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride hauv dej tau dhau los.2.4 Yuav kom paub meej dua, nyob rau hauv kev thov pej xeem rau EPA xyoo 269, Michael Connett, Esq., Tus Thawj Coj Kev Cai lij choj ntawm FAN, tau tshawb pom 2012 qhov kev tshawb fawb qhia txog kev txo IQ rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas muaj fluoride theem tam sim no tau txais kev nyab xeeb los ntawm EPA.4
Ntxiv mus, hauv 2014, ib qho kev soj ntsuam tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv The Lancet txoj cai "Neurobehavioral los ntawm kev txhim kho kev mob toxicity." Hauv kev tshuaj xyuas no, cov tshuaj fluoride tau teev tseg yog ib ntawm 12 yam tshuaj lom neeg
paub tias ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov neurotoxicity hauv tib neeg ..272 Cov kws tshawb nrhiav tau ceeb toom: “Kev mob hlwb tsis zoo, suav nrog tus mob tsis meej pem, mob hlwb tsis meej, mob tsis meej, thiab lwm yam kev xav, cuam tshuam rau ntau lab tus menyuam thoob ntiaj teb, thiab qee qhov kuaj pom tau nce siab zuj zus. Muaj cov kuab tshuaj uas ua rau lub hlwb loj tuaj yog ib qhov uas paub tias ua rau muaj coob zuj zus mus. "273
Nqe 6.3: Cov Mob Plawv
Raws li kev txheeb cais luam tawm xyoo 2016, kab mob plawv yog qhov tseem ceeb ua rau tuag taus rau txiv neej thiab poj niam hauv Asmeskas, thiab nws tus nqi rau lub teb chaws $ 207 billion txhua xyoo.274 Yog li, paub qhov
Yuav muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride thiab cov hlab plawv yog qhov tseem ceeb tsis yog tsim kom muaj kev nyab xeeb xwb los tsim kom muaj tshuaj fluoride tab sis tseem tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau tsim los ua kom muaj kab mob plawv.
Ib qho kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride thiab teeb meem plawv plawv tau raug txhawj txog ntau xyoo. 2006 NRC tsab ntawv tshaj tawm tau piav qhia txog kev tshawb fawb los ntawm 1981 los ntawm Hanhijärvi thiab Penttilä uas tau tshaj tawm cov tshuaj fluoride kom ntau ntxiv rau cov neeg mob plawv tsis ua haujlwm.275 Fluoride kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau kev mob ntshav hauv lub cev, 276 arteriosclerosis, 277 mob tsis txaus, 278 electrocardiogram txawv txav, 279 tawg, 280 thiab myocardial puas tsuaj.281 Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kws tshawb nrhiav txog kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Tuam Tshoj luam tawm xyoo 2015 xaus: "Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias, NaF [sodium fluoride], nyob rau hauv kev ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau yam thiab txawm hais tias tsawg 2 mg / L, hloov morphology ntawm cov cardiomyocytes, txo kev muaj peev xwm ntawm tes, nce lub hauv plawv dhia lub plawv, thiab txhim kho cov qib ntawm apoptosis. "282
Tshooj 6.4: Cov Tshuaj Endocrine
Cov tshuaj fluoride cov teebmeem ntawm cov tshuaj endocrine, uas muaj cov qog uas tswj cov tshuaj hormones, kuj tau kawm. Hauv xyoo 2006 NRC tsab ntawv tshaj tawm, nws tau hais: “Hauv cov ntsiab lus, pov thawj ntawm ntau hom qhia tau tias fluoride cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm endocrine zoo li cas lossis teb; Qhov cuam tshuam los ntawm fluoride-kev hloov pauv hloov txawv thiab txawv ntawm cov neeg sib txawv. ”283 2006 NRC daim ntawv qhia ntxiv tau hais qhia ib lub rooj qhia txog qhov tshuaj fluoride tsawg kawg tau pom tias cuam tshuam cov thyroid muaj nuj nqi li cas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum muaj iodine tsis txaus. present.284 Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm fluoride rau ntawm endocrine system tau rov hais dua. Ib txoj kev tshawb nrhiav luam tawm xyoo 2012 suav nrog sodium fluoride nyob rau cov npe ntawm endocrine cuam tshuam cov tshuaj (EDCs) nrog kev cuam tshuam txog qib qis, 285 thiab txoj kev tshawb fawb tau hais nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv ceeb toom 2013 los ntawm United Nations Environment Programme thiab World Health Organization.
Tib lub sijhawm, nce ntxiv ntawm cov thyroid kawg ua rau muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog fluoride.287 Kev tshawb fawb luam tawm xyoo 2015 los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm University of Kent hauv Canterbury, Askiv, tau sau tseg tias qib fluoride ntau dua nyob hauv cov dej haus tuaj yeem kwv yees ntau dua ntawm hypothyroidism. 288 Lawv piav ntxiv: “Hauv ntau thaj chaw hauv ntiaj teb, hypothyroidism yog ib qho kev txhawj xeeb ntawm kev noj qab haus huv thiab ntxiv rau lwm yam - xws li iodine tsis txaus - cov tshuaj fluoride yuav tsum raug xam tias yog ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo. Cov kev tshawb pom ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tsa cov kev txhawj xeeb tshwj xeeb txog qhov tseeb ntawm lub zej zog fluoridation li kev nyab xeeb kev noj qab haus huv hauv zej zog kev ntsuas. " 289
Raws li cov txheeb cais tau tshaj tawm los ntawm Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv thiab Tswj Xyuas Kab Mob (CDC) hauv xyoo 2014, 29.1 lab tus tib neeg lossis 9.3% ntawm cov neeg muaj ntshav qab zib.293 Ib zaug ntxiv, lub luag haujlwm ntawm fluoride nyob rau hauv tus mob no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txiav txim siab. 2006 NRC tsab ntawv ceeb toom tau ceeb toom:
Kev xaus lus los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb muaj yog tias muaj tshuaj fluoride txaus tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv cov ntshav qabzib lossis cuam tshuam cov ntshav qabzib hauv qee tus neeg thiab ua rau muaj qhov mob ntshav qab zib ntau ntxiv. Feem ntau, cov metabolism hauv lub cev tsis ua haujlwm zoo li cuam tshuam nrog ntshav dej lossis ntshav ntshav fluoride ntau txog 0.1 mg / L lossis ntau dua hauv cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg (Rigalli li al. 1990, 1995; Trivedi li al. 1993; de al Sota et al. 1997) .294
Kev tshawb fawb tseem cuam tshuam txog cov ntshav qab zib muaj qhov ua kom tsawg los mus tshem tawm cov tshuaj fluoride los ntawm lub cev, 295 nrog rau kev mob ntsws (polydispsia-polyurea) uas ua rau muaj tshuaj fluoride ntau ntxiv, 296 thiab
kev tshawb fawb kuj tau txuas rau insulin inhibition thiab tsis kam muab tshuaj fluoride.297
Tsis tas li ntawm kev txhawj xeeb yog tias cov tshuaj fluoride zoo li cuam tshuam nrog lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub caj pas pineal, uas pab tswj cov circadian rhythms thiab cov tshuaj hormones, suav nrog cov kev cai ntawm melatonin thiab cov keeb kwm kev ua me nyuam. Jennifer Lukas ntawm Royal Tsev Kho Mob ntawm London tau txheeb xyuas qib theem ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride ntau ntau nyob hauv lub pineal caj pas298 thiab qhia ntxiv tias cov qib no
tuaj yeem ncav cuag txog 21,000 ppm, ua rau lawv siab dua cov tshuaj fluoride ntau dua hauv cov pob txha lossis cov hniav .299 Lwm qhov kev tshawb fawb tau txuas cov tshuaj fluoride mus rau theem melatonin, 300 insomnia, 301 thiab thaum ntxov pub dawb.
hauv cov menyuam ntxhais, 302 ntxiv rau kom muaj qis tshuaj muaj tsis taus (nrog rau txivneej) thiab txo qib testosterone kom tsawg.303
Ntu 6.5: Lub kaw lus hlaws
Zis yog ib txoj kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev tso zis rau cov tshuaj fluoride mus rau hauv lub cev, thiab lub raum yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj hwm cov tshuaj fluoride hauv lub cev.304 305 Kev tso zis muaj tshuaj fluoride yog
pawg los ntawm cov zis pH, zaub mov noj, muaj cov tshuaj, thiab lwm yam.306 Cov neeg tshawb fawb ntawm 2015 tsab xov xwm luam tawm los ntawm Royal Society of Chemistry tau piav qhia: “Yog li, ntshav thiab lub raum tsis ua hauj lwm ua rau lub cev qoj ib ce txiav txim siab los ntawm kev noj tshuaj fluoride, txhawb rau thiab tshem tawm los ntawm pob txha thiab lub peev xwm ntawm fluoride tshem tawm los ntawm lub raum. "307
Lub xyoo 2006 NRC tsab ntawv no tau lees paub txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub raum hauv kev nthuav tawm cov tshuaj fluoride. Lawv tau sau tseg tias nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob rau cov neeg mob raum muaj ntshav ntau dua ntshav ntxiv ntshav thiab pob txha fluoride ntau dua.308 Lawv tau hais ntxiv tias tib neeg ob lub raum “yuav tsum tau muaj cov tshuaj fluoride ntau npaum li 50 npaug ntawm cov ntshav ntshav mus rau cov zis. Ib feem ntawm lub raum yog li yuav muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride ntau dua li cov nqaij mos. ”309
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv no, nws ua rau pom tias cov kws tshawb nrhiav tau txuas qhov tseeb cov tshuaj fluoride cuam tshuam nrog cov teeb meem nrog cov kab mob hauv lub raum. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, cov kws tshawb nrhiav los ntawm Toronto, Canada, tau pom tias cov neeg mob qog ua pob txha muaj cov tshuaj fluoride ntau hauv cov pob txha thiab tau txiav txim siab tias "pob txha fluoride tuaj yeem txo pob txha microhardness los ntawm kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov mineralization." los ntawm Philippe Grandjean thiab Jørgen H. Olsen tau luam tawm xyoo 310 tau hais tias cov tshuaj fluoride yuav suav tias yog ib qho ua rau mob qog ntshav thiab ua rau mob ntsws mob ntsws 2004
Nqe 6.6: Kev Kho Mob Lub Zog
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride nyob rau hauv lub tshuab ua pa yog qhov tseeb sau cia hauv cov ntawv sau txog
hauj lwm tib. Pom tseeb, cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv cov chaw lag luam koom nrog cov tshuaj fluoride muaj ntau
kev pheej hmoo ntawm nqus cov pa tshuaj fluoride ntau dua li cov neeg uas tsis ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam; tab sis kev lag luam
Kev siv kuj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov kab mob ntawm cov pa nruab nrab ntawm cov pej xeem nruab nrab los ntawm ntau yam kev raug
txoj kev.
Inhalation ntawm hydrogen fluoride ua qhov piv txwv tseem ceeb ntawm txoj haujlwm pov thawj dually
thiab kev tsis muaj mob rau kev ua haujlwm. Hydrogen fluoride siv los ua tub yees, tshuaj tua kab,
kev lag luam tshuaj, roj av siab octane, txhuas, plastics, tshuab hluav taws xob, fluorescent
lub qhov muag teeb, thiab etched hlau thiab iav (xws li uas tau siv hauv qee cov khoom siv hluav taws xob),
312 thiab
raws li uranium chemical production thiab quartz purification.313
Lub Chaw Rau Cov Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob thiab
Kev Tiv Thaiv (CDC) tau piav qhia tias ntxiv rau kev tshwm sim hauv chaw ua haujlwm, tsis yog neeg ua haujlwm
kev tshwm sim rau hydrogen fluoride kuj tseem tuaj yeem tshwm ntawm cov chaw muag khoom thiab los ntawm kev nyiam ua
cov khoom tsim tau nrog cov tshuaj, ntxiv rau qhov xwm txheej tsis tshua muaj kev sib deev nrog tshuaj lom neeg
tus neeg saib xyuas.314
Kev noj qab haus huv los ntawm hydrogen fluoride tuaj yeem ua rau ntau qhov sib txawv plab hnyuv siab raum, suav nrog cov ntawd
koom tes nrog cov txheej txheem ua pa. Ua pa tawm ntawm cov tshuaj yuav tuaj yeem tsim kev puas tsuaj rau lub ntsws thiab ua rau
o thiab cov kua dej sib ntxiv hauv lub ntsws (ntsws ntsws) .315
Theem ntau uas tau txais cov tshuaj fluoride hydrogen tuaj yeem ua rau tuag los ntawm kev tsim lub ntsws, mob 316 thaum mob ntev, qis qis
inhalation tuaj yeem ua rau ua rau khaus thiab txhaws ntswg, caj pas, thiab ntsws .317
Nruj los ntawm kev ua hauj lwm pom, qhov kev lag luam aluminium tau hais txog txoj hauv kev
kev tshawb nrhiav cov tshuaj fluoride cuam tshuam rau cov pa ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj los ntawm a
cov kev tshawb fawb pom tau hais tias muaj kev sib txheeb ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag txhuas, raug rau
tshuaj fluoride, thiab ua pa, xws li mob ntsws, mob ntsws, thiab ntsws ntsws ploj zuj zus
muaj nuj nqi.318
Nqe 6.7: Kev Kho Mob Txheej Txheem
Thaum noj haus, suav nrog los ntawm cov dej fluoridated, fluoride yog nqus tau los ntawm lub plab hnyuv
system nyob qhov twg nws muaj ib nrab-lub neej ntawm 30 feeb.319
Tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride nqus yog nyob nrog
raws li cov calcium uas ntau ntau, nrog rau qhov ntau ntawm calcium txo lub plab zom mov
nqus dej.
320 321
Tsis tas li, raws li kev tshawb fawb luam tawm xyoo 2015 los ntawm Asmeskas lub koom haum ntawm
Kws Tsim Tshuaj, fluoride kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm txoj hnyuv plab zom mov "ua rau muaj kev tsim ntawm
hydrofluoric [HF] acid los ntawm kev ua si nrog hydrochloric [HCL] kua qaub ua haujlwm hauv lub plab. Ua
corrosive heev, HF acid yog tsim los yuav rhuav tshem lub plab thiab plab hnyuv tev nrog
poob microvilli. ”322
Lwm cheeb tsam ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntsig txog fluoride cuam tshuam rau txoj hnyuv plab yog qhov kev huam yuaj
kev muab tshuaj txhuam hniav. Xyoo 2011, Chaw Tswj Xyuas Tshuaj Lom tau txais 21,513 hu ntsig txog
kev siv tshuaj ntau dhau ntawm cov tshuaj txhuam hniav fluoridated.323
Tus lej ntawm cov neeg yuav cuam tshuam yuav zoo li
yuav ntau siab dua, txawm li cas los xij. Kev txhawj xeeb tau tsa tias qee qhov mob plab zom mov
tej zaum yuav tsis yooj yim txiav txim siab cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj fluoride noj, raws li cov kws tshawb nrhiav tau piav qhia hauv xyoo 1997:
Cov niam txiv lossis cov neeg saib xyuas yuav tsis pom cov tsos mob cuam tshuam nrog kev haus luam yeeb me ntsis
lossis tuaj yeem ua rau lawv muaj lub colic lossis mob ncauj plab, tshwj xeeb yog tias lawv tsis pom tus menyuam
noj tshuaj fluoride. Zoo sib xws, vim qhov tsis muaj qhov tsis tseem ceeb ntawm me me mus rau nruab nrab
cov tsos mob, tus kws kho mob qhov txawv txav tsis zoo li suav cov tshuaj fluoride lom
tsis muaj keeb kwm ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride noj.324
Lwm qhov ntawm lub plab zom mov kuj tseem paub tias cuam tshuam los ntawm fluoride. Piv txwv li, tus
2006 NRC tsab ntawv ceeb toom tau nug kom paub ntau ntxiv txog cov tshuaj fluoride ua rau lub siab: “Muaj peev xwm ua tau
tias kev haus lub neej ntev txog 5-10 mg / hnub los ntawm cov dej haus muaj fluoride ntawm 4 mg / L yuav
tig tawm kom muaj kev cuam tshuam mus ntev ntawm daim siab, thiab qhov no yuav tsum tshawb xyuas yav tom ntej
epidemiologic studies. "325 Ua piv txwv ntxiv, tshuaj txhuam hniav fluoride tuaj yeem ua rau mob plab, xws li
qhov ncauj thiab canker ua paug nyob rau qee tus neeg. 326
Nqe 6.8: Txheej Txheem Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob
Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tseem yog lwm qhov ntawm lub cev uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride. Ib
qhov kev xav tau tseem ceeb yog kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev tshwm sim hauv cov pob txha pob txha, yog li ntawd cov nyhuv ntawm fluoride
ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj fluoride nthuav dav hauv cov pob txha pob txha. Lub xyoo 2006
NRC tsab ntawv ceeb toom piav qhia meej txog cov xwm txheej no:
Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg mob uas nyob hauv ib qho chaw zej zog lossis fluoridated tsis zoo
zej zog uas cov dej haus ib txwm muaj tshuaj fluoride ntawm 4 mg / L muaj txhua
cov tshuaj fluoride ntau nyob hauv lawv cov cev pob txha thiab cov muaj fluoride heev
ntau ntawm lawv cov pob txha. Cov hlwb pob txha yog qhov chaw cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob loj hlob tau thiab qhov ntawd
yuav cuam tshuam txog kev tiv thaiv humoral thiab kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov tshuaj ua txawv teb chaws.327
Kev ua xua thiab hypersensitivities rau fluoride yog lwm qhov kev pheej hmoo cuam tshuam nrog lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob
kaw lus. Kev tshawb fawb luam tawm xyoo 1950, 1960, thiab 1970's qhia tau tias qee tus neeg
hypersensitive rau fluoride.328 Nthuav zoo, cov kws tshawb fawb luam tawm xyoo 1967 tau taw qhia
tias thaum qee leej tseem nug txog qhov tseeb tias muaj tshuaj fluoride nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj txhuam hniav thiab “vitamins” tuaj yeem ua
mob siab, cov ntaub ntawv hais qhia nyob rau hauv lawv cov ntawv tshaj tawm tias qhov kev tawm tsam tsis haum rau
tshuaj fluoride muaj nyob. 329
Nqe 6.9: Cov Txheej Txheem Tshaj Plaws Hauv Tsev
Cov tshuaj fluoride kuj tseem tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov kab ke sib xyaw ua ke, uas muaj cov tawv nqaij, exocrine qog,
plaub hau, thiab rau tes. Tshwj xeeb, kev tawm tsam cov tshuaj fluoride, suav nrog cov tshuaj fluoride siv hauv cov tshuaj txhuam hniav, muaj
tau txuas rau pob txuv thiab lwm yam khoom siv tawv nqaij tuaj .331 332 333
Ntxiv mus, kev muaj feem ua rau lub neej muaj sia
cov mob hu ua fluoroderma tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsis haum tus kab mob fluorine, 334
thiab hom kev pheej hmoo ntawm daim tawv nqaij (tus kab mob halogenoderma) tau cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg mob siv
cov khoom siv kho hniav fluoridated.335
Tsis tas li ntawd, plaub hau thiab ntsia hlau tau kawm ua biomarkers ntawm
tshuaj fluoride raug.
336
Ntsia cov ntsia hlau muaj qhov muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm cov tshuaj fluoride ntev dhau los 337
thiab nthuav tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj txhuam hniav, 338 thiab siv cov tshuaj fluoride ntau ntawm cov ntsia hlau txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov menyuam
uas muaj kev pheej hmoo rau kev mob hniav fluorosis tau tshuaj xyuas.339
Nqe 6.10: Cov tshuaj lom fluoride
Thawj qhov xwm txheej loj ntawm kev liam tias yog raug lom los ntawm fluorine koom nrog kev puas tsuaj ntawm
Meuse Valley hauv Belgium xyoo 1930s. Huab thiab lwm yam mob ntawm thaj chaw lag luam no
Sib txuam nrog 60 tus neeg tuag thiab ntau txhiab tus neeg raug mob. Pov thawj tau muaj txij li cuam tshuam ntawd
cov neeg raug mob no los fluorine tso tawm los ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm ze ze 340
Lwm rooj plaub ntawm kev lag luam lom yog tshwm sim xyoo 1948 hauv Donora, Pennsylvania, vim yog pos huab thiab
kub inversion. Hauv qhov ua piv txwv no, gaseous tso tawm los ntawm zinc, hlau, hlau, thiab ntsia hlau
galvanizing kev lag luam tau xav tias tsam ua rau 20 tuag thiab rau txhiab tus neeg rau
ua neeg mob vim muaj tshuaj lom fluoride
Cov tshuaj fluoride lom los ntawm cov khoom kho hniav hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas tau tshwm sim xyoo 1974 thaum muaj peb xyoos
tus tub Brooklyn laus tuag vim yog cov tshuaj fluoride noj ntau dhau los ntawm hniav kho hniav. Tus qhia xov xwm rau New York
Lub sijhawm sau txog qhov xwm txheej no: “Raws li kws tshuaj tua kab mob Nassau County, Dr. Jesse Bidanset,
William noj 45 cubic centimeters ntawm 2 feem pua stannous fluoride tov, triple ib qho nyiaj
txaus los tau ua neeg tuag taus. ”342
Ntau qhov teeb meem loj ntawm kev haus luam yeeb fluoride hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau ua tiav kev mloog tsis ntev tas los no
kaum tawm xyoo, xws li xyoo 1992 tawm hauv Hooper Bay, Alaska, vim los ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride ntau ntau hauv cov dej haus343 thiab 2015 lom ntawm tsev neeg nyob hauv Florida raws li los ntawm sulfuryl
Cov tshuaj fluoride siv rau kev kho cov tsiaj ntawv rau ntawm lawv lub tsev.344
Thaum cov piv txwv muab sau saum toj no yog mob hnyav (koob tshuaj ntau ntau, luv luv) lub sij hawm muaj tshuaj lom, mob ntev
(tsis tshua muaj koob tshuaj, siv sijhawm ntev) kev lom yuav tsum raug xam tias yog. Yam tsawg kawg ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride
muaj tshuaj lom yog muaj los pab tsim kev nkag siab zoo ntawm qhov teeb meem. Hauv kev ua haujlwm
luam tawm xyoo 2015, cov kws tshawb nrhiav tshuaj xyuas qhov tseeb tias thawj yam cim ntawm fluoride lom yog hniav
fluorosis thiab fluoride yog ib yam uas paub ua muaj enzyme disruptor.345
Ib qho ntxiv, kev tshuaj xyuas tau luam tawm hauv
Xyoo 2012 tau muab cov ncauj lus ntxaws ntxaws ntawm cov phom sij ntawm fluoride toxicity cuam tshuam rau lub hlwb: “Nws ua haujlwm
yuav luag txhua txoj kev paub hais tias tso tes taw muaj sia nrog rau G txoj kev tiv thaiv kab mob uas muaj protein ntau,
caspases, thiab mitochondria- thiab tuag receptors-txuas mechanism, nrog rau kev tshwm sim ntau
ntawm metabolic thiab transcription alterations, nrog rau kev qhia ntawm ntau yam apoptosis ntsig txog
noob, thaum kawg ua rau neeg tuag ntawm tes. ”346
Qhov uas yuav tsum tau muaj cov tshuaj fluoride lom yuav tsum paub txog ntau nyob rau xyoo 2005
luam tawm hu ua "Tshuaj lom fluoride: yam zais ntshis nrog cov zais." Sau Phyllis J.
Mullenix, PhD, tau pib tsab xov xwm, uas tau nthuav tawm ib feem ntawm American College ntawm
Toxicology Symposium, los ntawm kev ceeb toom: “Keeb kwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus lom ntawm fluoride lom
hauv cov ntawv kho mob tau tso cai rau nws dhau los ua ib qho ntawm kev tsis to taub, ua tsis yog,
thiab qhia cov teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv hauv Tebchaws Meskas niaj hnub no. ”347
Ua ntej nyeem txog Ntu 7 hais txog nthuav tawm cov tshuaj fluoride, nws pom meej tias yuav tsum muaj kev tshawb fawb ntxiv licas ua ntej muaj qib "nyab xeeb" rau kev tso tshuaj fluoride tsim nyog tsim nyog. Qhov no tsis muaj pov thawj ncav cuag deb tshaj li tam sim no tsis paub. Qhov tsis muaj pov thawj kuj tseem ceeb rau qhov uas twb paub txog tib neeg lub cev siv cov tshuaj fluoride, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog qhov raug liam tias "tau txais txiaj ntsig" ntawm kev tiv thaiv caries.
Nqe 8.1: Tsis Txaus Siab
Cov tshuaj fluoride nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj txhuam hniav thiab lwm cov neeg siv khoom lag luam yog ntxiv vim nws liam tias txo cov caries hniav. Cov txiaj ntsig tau hais txog ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride no cuam tshuam nrog nws cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hniav ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov kab mob ua pa ntawm Streptococcus mutans, cov kab mob uas hloov cov suab thaj thiab ua rau muaj cov kua nplaum uas zom cov txha hniav laus .504 Hauv kev tshwj xeeb, cuam tshuam ntawm fluoride nrog cov ntxhia ntawm cov hniav tsim tawm cov tshuaj fluorohydroxyapatite (FHAP lossis FAP), thiab qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev ua no tau hais los txhim kho kom zoo dua qub thiab txo qis ntawm cov hniav. Txawm hais tias muaj kev txhawb nqa rau cov tshuaj fluoride no, nws kuj tau hais tias cov tshuaj fluoride feem ntau ua haujlwm txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhuam hniav (txhais tau tias tau txhuam nws ncaj qha rau cov hniav nrog tus txhuam hniav), uas tawm tsam cov txheej txheem (piv txwv li haus dej haus lossis haus dej fluoride los ntawm dej) lossis lwm yam kev txhais tau tias) .505
Txawm hais tias cov txiaj ntsig saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm fluoride tau hais meej nyob rau hauv ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, kev tshawb fawb kuj tau nug txog cov txiaj ntsig no. Piv txwv li, cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm University of Massachusetts Lowell tau piav qhia txog ntau qhov kev sib cav hais txog kev siv tshuaj fluoride nyob rau hauv ib tsab xov xwm luam tawm hauv phau ntawv Journal of Evidence-based Dental Practice hauv 2006. Tom qab hais tawm xyoo 1989 txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm National Institute of Dental Research uas pom tsawg heev qhov sib txawv ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas tau txais tshuaj fluoride thiab cov uas tsis tau txais tshuaj fluoride, cov sau phau ntawv hais txog lwm qhov kev tshawb fawb pom tias cov kab noj hniav hauv cov teb chaws muaj tsawg zuj zus yam tsis muaj fluoride siv.506 Cov kws tshawb fawb ntxiv hais txog cov tshuaj fluoride tsis pab tiv thaiv qhov ua kom puas thiab ua kom puas. daim ntawv uas muaj nhiav hniav ntau tshaj nyob hauv Asmeskas) los yog hauv kev tiv thaiv tus menyuam cov kaus hniav kom txhob lwj (uas yog ib txwm muaj hauv cov zej zog tsis zoo) .507
Raws li lwm tus piv txwv, kev tshawb nrhiav thaum ntxov siv los txhawb kev haus dej fluoridation yog ib txoj kev txo cov caries hniav tom qab rov tshawb xyuas, thiab lub peev xwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug pom tau txheeb xyuas. Thaum pib, kev txo qis ntawm cov hniav lwj thiab kom puv hniav cov hniav (DFT) uas tau sau hauv kev tshawb fawb tau muab txhais ua pov thawj rau qhov ua tau ntawm cov dej fluoridation. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb tom qab los ntawm Dr. John A. Yiamouyiannis tau qhia tias cov dej fluoridation tuaj yeem pab ua kom cov hniav tawg qeeb.508 Cov kev cuam tshuam zoo li no yuav ua rau cov hniav tsawg dua thiab yog li ntawd, qhov uas tsis lwj, txhais tau tias qhov qis ntawm DFT yog qhov tseeb tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tsis muaj cov hniav tsis txaus siab rau qhov cuam tshuam los ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride ntawm cov kab noj hniav.
Lwm yam piv txwv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tau nug cov tshuaj fluoride siv los tiv thaiv hniav ua kom mob. Kev tshuaj xyuas xyoo 2014 tau lees paub tias cov tshuaj fluoride ua rau muaj qhov cuam tshuam los ntawm cov calcium thiab magnesium nyob hauv cov hniav txha hniav laus tab sis kuj tseem hais tias cov txheej txheem kho hniav hauv cov hniav txha hniav laus tsis yog nyob ntawm fluoride.509 Kev tshawb fawb luam tawm xyoo 2010 pom tias lub tswvyim ntawm "fluoride strengthening hniav" tsis tuaj yeem pom tau hais tias yog kev kho mob tseem ceeb rau kev txo qis ntawm cov kab mob caries txuas rau kev siv tshuaj fluoride .510 Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias cov tshuaj fluoride muaj tsawg dua (yog tias muaj) cuam tshuam rau ntawm cov hniav, 511 512 thiab cov kws tshawb nrhiav kuj tau muab cov ntaub ntawv uas kho hniav fluoride. (thawj qhov cim npe ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride lom 513) muaj ntau dua nyob hauv Asmeskas cov zej zog nrog dej fluoridated uas tsis zoo rau cov neeg tsis muaj mob .514
Tseem muaj lwm daim ntawv tshaj tawm qhia tias thaum lub teb chaws tab tom tsim kho, qhov feem pua ntawm cov pej xeem feem coob tau nce txog plaub txog yim txog yim qhov hniav lwj, ploj, los yog muaj hniav (hauv 1960's) thiab tom qab ntawd tau qhia kev poob qis (ntau ntau hnub no), tsis hais fluoride siv. Nws tau xav txog tias kev tu lub qhov ncauj ntau ntxiv, nkag mus rau cov kev pabcuam tiv thaiv, thiab paub ntau ntxiv txog kev ua kom muaj qab zib tsis zoo yog lub luag haujlwm rau qhov pom kev txo cov hniav. Xijpeem yam uas yuav tshwm sim, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov kev hloov ntawm qhov ua kom hniav lwj tshwm sim nrog thiab tsis muaj cov txheej txheem ntawm cov dej fluoridated, 515 yog li nws yuav tshwm sim tias lwm yam ntxiv rau cov tshuaj fluoride ua rau muaj qhov hloov no. Daim duab 2 hauv qab no ua rau pom cov hniav tawm ntawm qhov uas muaj fluoridated thiab tsis muaj fluoridated los ntawm 1955-2005.
Daim duab 2: Kev Hniav Looj Ntau Ntawm Kev Txhim Kho Hniav nyob rau hauv teb chaws fluoridated thiab Unfluoridated, 1955-2005
Lwm qhov kev txiav txim siab muaj feem xyuam rau txhua qhov kev txiav txim siab txog kev siv tshuaj fluoride los tiv thaiv caries. Ua ntej, nws tseem yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov tshuaj fluoride tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tib neeg kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob .516 Qhov thib ob, tshuaj fluoride tau raug lees paub tias yog ib ntawm 12 yam tshuaj lom neeg "paub tias ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov neurotoxicity hauv tib neeg." 517 Thiab thaum kawg, Asmeskas Kev Kho Hniav (ADA) hu rau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv hauv xyoo 2013 hais txog cov tshuab ntawm fluoride kev txiav txim siab thiab cuam tshuam:
Kev tshawb fawb yog xav paub txog ntau yam tshuaj fluoride los txiav txim lawv cov kev ua thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob caries-tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv thaum siv nyob rau tam sim no ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride tom qab (uas yog cov tshuaj fluoridated dej thiab tshuaj txhuam hniav fluoride) hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Kev tshawb fawb txog cov tswv yim siv fluoride los tsim kev ntes lossis thim rov qab ntawm cov kab mob caries, nrog rau cov tshuaj fluoride tshwj xeeb rau cov hniav tawg, kuj tseem xav tau .518
Tshooj 8.2: Tsis Muaj Pov Thawj
Cov ntawv qhia txog kev tsis paub txog ntawm qib uas cov tshuaj fluoride cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cev tau tshwm sim tau thoob plaws hauv daim ntawv qhia txoj haujlwm no. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb kom rov hais dua qhov tsis muaj pov thawj cuam tshuam nrog kev siv fluoride, thiab yog li, Cov Lus 4 qhia cov npe ceeb toom ntawm cov lus ceeb toom los ntawm tsoomfwv, kev tshawb fawb, thiab lwm tus muaj feem cuam tshuam txog cov kev phom sij thiab tsis meej hais txog kev siv cov tshuaj fluoridated.
Cov lus 4: Xaiv cov lus qhia txog Cov Ntawv Ceeb Toom fluoride Categorized los ntawm Cov Khoom Siv / Cov Txheej Txheem thiab Cov Hauv Paus
| Cov Khoom / Cov Txheej Txheem Cuam Tshuam | QUOTE / S | SAIB COV NTAUB NTAWV |
|---|---|---|
| Tshuaj fluoride rau kev siv kho hniav, suav nrog cov dej fluoridation | "Kev nthuav dav ntawm cov kaus hniav kho mob hauv ib tug pej xeem tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride ntawm cov txha hniav laus, thiab qhov ntau ntawm cov txha hniav laus fluoride tsis tas yuav ua rau tiv thaiv cov kab mob hniav." "Kev tshawb fawb tsawg kawg los ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj txhuam hniav fluoride, gel, dej yaug, thiab cov kua roj vanish ntawm cov neeg laus muaj." | Cov Chaw Tiv Thaiv thiab Tswj Xyuas Kabmob (CDC). Kohn WG, Maas WR, Malvitz DM, Presson SM, Shaddik KK. Cov lus pom zoo rau kev siv tshuaj fluoride los tiv thaiv thiab tswj cov kab mob hniav hauv tebchaws Asmeskas. Morbidity thiab Kev Tuag Hauv Kev Ntsuas Txhua Lub Limtiam Tshaj Tawm: cov lus pom zoo thiab daim ntawv tshaj tawm. Xyoo 2001 Lub Yim Hli 17: i-42. |
| Kev Noj Kev Yooj Yim Kom Yooj Yim: Pom zoo rau Kev Noj Nyiaj Txiag Nyiaj thiab Muaj Kev Nkag Txaus | "Zuag qhia tag nrho, muaj kev pom zoo ntawm pawg neeg hais tias muaj pov thawj tshawb pom tias qee lub sijhawm cov tshuaj fluoride tuaj yeem ua rau pob txha tsis muaj zog thiab ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm pob txha tawg." | Kev Tshawb Fawb Hauv Tebchaws. Tshuaj fluoride hauv Dej Haus: Kev Tshawb Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm EPA Cov Qauv. Daim Ntawv Qhia Kev Kawm Hauv Tebchaws: Washington, DC 2006. |
| Cov tshuaj fluoride hauv dej haus | "Cov lus pom zoo kom muaj Lub Hom Phiaj Kab Mob Loj (MCLG) rau cov tshuaj fluoride hauv cov dej haus yuav tsum xoom." | Thawv RJ. Kev Tshawb Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb Hauv Tebchaws Meskas xyoo 2006: Cov tshuaj fluoride hauv Cov Dej Haus. Tshuaj fluoride. 2006 Jul 1; 39 (3): 163-72. |
| Dej fluoridation | "Cov tshuaj fluoride muaj kev sib raug zoo hauv kev kho hniav caries thiab tej zaum yuav ua rau tus hniav caries muaj feem ua rau cov menyuam tsis muaj mob vim yog ua rau calcium ua rau lub cev thiab cov kab mob txha hniav laus ..." | Peckham S, Awofeso N. Dej fluoridation: kev soj ntsuam mob lub cev muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev noj cov tshuaj fluoride raws li pej xeem kev noj qab haus huv tiv thaiv. Phau Ntawv Txuj Ci Thoob Ntiaj Teb. Xyoo 2014 Lub Ob Hlis 26; Xyoo 2014. |
| Cov tshuaj fluoride nyob rau hauv cov khoom kho hniav, zaub mov, thiab dej haus | "Vim tias siv cov khoom uas muaj cov tshuaj fluoride nrog kev noj haus thiab kev noj zaub mov thiab dej haus nrog cov dej muaj fluoridated tau nce txij li HHS pom zoo rau cov tshuaj fluoride zoo tshaj, tam sim no ntau tus neeg yuav raug tshuaj fluoride ntau dua li qhov xav tau." | Tiemann M. Fluoride hauv dej haus: kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm fluoridation thiab teeb meem kev cai. BiblioGov. Xyoo 2013 Lub Plaub Hlis 5. Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshaj Tawm rau Congress. |
| Kev muab fluoride rau menyuam yaus | "Qhov zoo tshaj ntawm 'kev noj tshuaj fluoride tau txais tau txais lawm ntau caum xyoo los ntawm li 0.05 thiab 0.07 mg fluoride ib phaus ntawm lub cev nyhav tab sis raws li cov pov thawj tshawb fawb tau txwv." "Cov kev tshawb pom pom tau hais tias kev ua kom cov caries tsis muaj lub cev yuav muaj feem cuam tshuam tsawg dua nrog cov tshuaj fluoride, thaum muaj tshuaj fluoride cuam tshuam ntau dhau los ntawm kev noj fluoride." | Warren JJ, Levy SM, Broffitt B, Cavanaugh JE, Kanellis MJ, Weber ‐ Gasparoni K. Kev xav txog kev noj tshuaj fluoride zoo tshaj plaws siv cov tshuaj fluorosis kho hniav thiab ua kom cov hniav mob tshwm sim – tshawb nrhiav ntev ntev. Phau Ntawv Xov Xwm Txog Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Kho Hniav. 2009 Mar 1; 69 (2): 111-5. |
| Cov tshuaj fluoride-tso cov khoom kho hniav (piv txwv li sau hniav) | “Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis raug pov thawj los ntawm kev soj ntsuam kev soj ntsuam seb puas qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob caries thib ob tuaj yeem raug txo qis los ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride tso tawm cov khoom tsim kho rov qab. " | Wiegand A, Buchalla W, Attin T.Rov saib ntawm fluoride-relerestrestorative cov ntaub ntawv-fluoriderelease thiab uptakecharacteristics, antibacterialactivity thiab cawv ntawm cariesformation. Cov Khoom Kho Hniav.2007 Mar 31; 23 (3): 343-62. |
| Kho hniav khoom: nyiaj diamine fluoride | "Vim tias cov tshuaj fluoride nyiaj yog qhov tshiab rau Asmeskas kev kho hniav thiab kev kho hniav, yuav tsum muaj cov kev cai, cov qauv, thiab kev pom zoo." "Nws tsis paub meej tias yuav muaj dab tsi tshwm sim yog tias kev kho mob nres tom qab 2-3 xyoos thiab kev tshawb fawb yog xav tau." | Horst JA, Ellenikiotis H, Milgrom PM, UCSF Nyiaj Caries Pawg Neeg Txiav Txim. UCSF Cov Lus Cog Tseg rau Cov Caries Txhuas Txhom Txhim Siv Nyiaj Diamine fluoride: Kev Hais Cai, Kev Qhia thiab Pom Zoo. California Kev Koom Tes Kho Hniav California. 2016 Jan; 44 (1): 16. |
| Cov tshuaj fluoride pleev rau kev siv kho hniav | “Lub vaj huam sib luag muaj qib qis ntawm tseeb txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm 0.5 feem pua cov tshuaj fluoride pleev lossis pleev rau cov hniav ntawm cov menyuam thiab cov kws kho lub hauv paus vim tias tsis muaj ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev siv cov khoom no hauv tsev. " “Kev tshawb fawb yog qhov xav tau hais txog qhov ua tau zoo thiab kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb hauv cov hauv qab no: kev siv tus kheej, siv tshuaj, tshuaj pleev tshuaj fluoride hauv tsev, tshuaj txhuam hniav lossis poob; 2 feem pua kws tshaj lij siv sodium fluoride gel; cov khoom siv sib hloov xa khoom, xws li ua npuas dej; kev pom zoo rau kev ua haujlwm rau cov kua roj fluoride thiab cov gels; ib-feeb siv ntawm APF gel; thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom (kev siv hauv tsev thiab kev siv tswv yim). " | Weyant RJ, Tracy SL, Anselmo TT, Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Donly KJ, Frese WA, Hujoel PP, Iafolla T, Kohn W, Kumar J, Levy SM. Cov tshuaj fluoride pleev rau kev tiv thaiv caries: Cov ntsiab lus sau los ntawm cov lus pom zoo tshiab hauv chaw kho mob thiab txhawb cov kev rov ntsuam xyuas dua. Phau ntawv xov xwm ntawm Asmeskas Kev Kho Hniav Asmeskas. 2013; 144 (11): 1279-1291. |
| Cov tshuaj fluoride “pab ntxiv” (ntsiav tshuaj) | "Cov pov thawj tsis pom zoo ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tau hais tias nws tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov tshuaj fluoride." | Tomasin L, Pusinanti L, Zerman N.Txoj lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride kho cov tshuaj kho hniav caries. Cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj xyuas. Annali diStomatologia. 2015 Lub Ib Hlis; 6 (1): 1. |
| Tshuaj, tshuaj fluorine hauv tshuaj | "Tsis muaj leej twg muaj peev xwm lees paub tias yuav muaj dab tsi tshwm sim hauv tib neeg lub cev tom qab kev saib xyuas ntawm cov tshuaj fluorinated." | Strunecká A, Patočka J, Connett P.Fluorine hauv tshuaj. Journalof Ua Ntawv thov Biomedicine. 2004; 2: 141-50. |
| Dej haus nrog poly- thiab perfluoroalkyl tshuaj (PFASs) | "Kev haus dej haus paug nrog cov tshuaj poly- thiab perfluoroalkyl (PFASs) ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo rau txoj kev txhim kho, lub cev tsis muaj zog, lub cev metabolic, thiab endocrine kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg siv khoom." "... ntaub ntawv hais txog kev haus dej haus PFAS thiaj li tsis muaj yuav luag li ib feem peb ntawm Asmeskas cov pejxeem." | Hu XC, Andrews DQ, Lindstrom AB, Bruton TA, Schaider LA, Grandjean P, Lohmann R, Carignan CC, Blum A, Balan SA, Higgins CP. Txheeb xyuas ntawm Poly-thiab Perfluoroalkyl Cov Tshuaj (PFASs) hauv Asmeskas Cov Dej Haus Txuas nrog rau hauv cov chaw muaj kev lag luam, chaw tua hluav taws hauv tub rog, thiab Chaw Tso Dej Nroj. Environmental Science & Cov Ntawv thev Naus Laus Zis. 2016 Oct 11 |
| Kev ua hauj lwm ntxiv rau cov tshuaj fluoride thiab fluoride lom | “Tshawb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tsis tshaj tawm txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev nqus tau cov tshuaj fluoride thiab fluorine qhia pom tias cov qauv haujlwm tam sim no ua rau tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo. " | Mullenix PJ. Cov tshuaj fluoride lom: duab dhos ua si nrog daim zais. Cov International Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Ua Haujlwm thiab Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ib Zaug. 2005 Oct 1; 11 (4): 404-14 |
| Tshawb xyuas cov qauv kev nyab xeeb rau kev raug cov tshuaj fluorine thiab fluoride | "Yog tias peb yuav tsum xav txog cov tshuaj calcium uas muaj fluoride ntau, peb yuav nkag siab cov tshuaj fluoride mus txog rau kev puas tsuaj rau cov hlwb, kabmob, qog thiab cov nqaij mos." | Prystupa J. Fluorine — tam sim no cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj xyuas. NRC thiab ATSDR raws li soj ntsuam cov qauv kev nyab xeeb rau kev raug cov tshuaj fluorine thiab fluoride. Kev Siv Tshuab Toxicology thiab Txoj Kev. 2011 Lub Ob Hlis 1; 21 (2): 103-70. |
Nqe 8.3: Tsis Muaj Kev Coj Zoo
Lwm qhov kev txhawj xeeb tseem ceeb txog kev muaj tshuaj fluoride los ntawm kev haus dej thiab zaub mov yog cuam tshuam nrog tsim cov tshuaj fluoride siv hauv cov dej hauv zej zog. Raws li Cov Chaw Tiv Thaiv thiab Tswj Xyuas Kabmob (CDC), peb hom tshuaj fluoride feem ntau siv rau cov dej fluoride hauv zej zog:
- Cov tshuaj fluorosilicic acid: yog cov kev daws teeb meem dej siv los ntawm cov dej feem ntau hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Cov tshuaj fluorosilicic acid tseem hu ua hydrofluorosilicate, FSA, lossis HFS.
- Cov tshuaj fluorosilicic acid: yog cov kev daws teeb meem dej siv los ntawm cov dej feem ntau hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Cov tshuaj fluorosilicic acid tseem hu ua hydrofluorosilicate, FSA, lossis HFS.
- Sodium fluorosilicate: cov tshuaj qhuav qhuav, yaj mus ua ib qho kev daws teeb meem ua ntej ntxiv rau hauv dej.â ¢ od Sodium fluoride: cov tshuaj qhuav qhuav ntxiv, feem ntau yog siv hauv cov dej hauv lub cev, yaj rau hauv kev daws ua ntej ntxiv rau hauv dej.519
Kev sib cav tau tshwm sim dhau ntawm kev sib koom ua lag luam rau cov khoom xyaw no. CDC tau piav qhia tias phosphorite pob zeb yog kho nrog sulfuric acid los tsim 95% ntawm fluorosilicic acid siv hauv dej fluoridation.520 CDC tau piav qhia ntxiv: “Vim tias qhov muab cov tshuaj fluoride cuam tshuam nrog phosphate fertilizer ntau lawm, cov khoom lag luam fluoride tuaj yeem tsim. 521 Ib tsab ntawv los ntawm tseem hwv Australia los ntawm kev tshaj tawm meej tias hydrofluosilicic acid, sodium silicofluoride thiab sodium fluoride yog txhua “feem ntau los ntawm phosphate fertilizer manufacturers.” 522 Kev Nyab Xeeb cov neeg sawv cev hais txog tshuaj fluoride muaj cov lus nug yog tias muaj kev sib raug zoo thiab yog tias kev lag luam sib txuas nrog cov tshuaj no yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev noj qab haus huv los ntawm fluoride.
Ib qhov teeb meem kev coj ua uas tshwm sim nrog kev koom nrog kev lag luam yog tias cov pawg muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li los txhais cov kev xav tau ntawm dab tsi los ua qhov kev tshawb fawb "zoo tshaj plaws", thiab lub sijhawm no, kev kawm tsis muaj tseeb yuav nyuaj rau nyiaj, tsim, tshaj tawm, thiab tshaj tawm. Qhov no vim tias kev muab nyiaj txiag rau kev kawm loj yuav ua rau kim heev, tab sis cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam tuaj yeem them taus yooj yim los txhawb lawv cov kws tshawb nrhiav. Lawv tseem tuaj yeem tuaj yeem siv sijhawm los tshuaj xyuas ntau txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv (xws li tawm qee cov txheeb cais kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo dua), thiab lawv tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv los tshaj tawm rau txhua qhov ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav uas txhawb nqa lawv cov haujlwm. Hmoov tsis zoo, keeb kwm tau qhia tias cov koomhaum lag luam muaj peev xwm txawm tuaj yeem thab cov kws tshawb fawb ywj pheej los ua qhov xaus ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm yog tias qhov haujlwm ntawd qhia tias muaj kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov pa paug thiab cov khoom paug.
Qhov tseeb, qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsis muaj kev lees paub tau pom zoo hauv kev tshawb fawb fluoride. Cov kws sau ntawv txog qhov kev txheeb xyuas luam tawm nyob rau phau Tsom Faj Kev Tshawb Fawb hauv ntiaj teb xyoo 2014 tau hais tias: “Txawm hais tias cov khoom siv dej ntau dhau los ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv tseem ceeb txij li kev qhia txog, cov kws tshawb nrhiav - uas suav nrog cov kws tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb thiab cov kws tshaj lij-tau pom tias nws nyuaj rau kev tshaj tawm tej lus hais txog kev cuam tshuam txog dej fluoridation hauv zej zog hauv kev tshaj lij ntawm kev kho hniav thiab kev noj qab haus huv hauv zej zog. ”523
Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tsis sib haum xeeb tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev noj zaub mov kom raug rau cov kab mob tsis huv (PFCs). Hauv ib tsab xov xwm luam tawm hauv 2012, kev tshawb fawb txog kev noj zaub mov noj los ntawm PFCs tau soj ntsuam los ntawm lub teb chaws. Tus kws sau ntawv tau tshaj tawm tias cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Asmeskas tau muaj tsawg heev, suav nrog tsuas yog kev luam tawm xyoo 2010 los ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas, nrog rau kev tshawb fawb 3M uas tau ua thawj qhov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej xyoo 2010 kev tshaj tawm (thiab liam tias feem ntau cov qauv Cov zaub mov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom txawv dua li 524M tsab ntawv tshaj tawm thiab tau sau rau hauv lawv cov ntawv tshaj tawm xyoo 3: “Txawm hais tias txwv tsis pub cov khoom lag luam tawm tuaj, peb pom POPs [tsis tu ncua cov kuab paug organic] hauv Asmeskas cov zaub mov, thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov no cov khoom siv tshuaj yog noj los ntawm Asmeskas pej xeem nyob rau qib sib txawv. Qhov no qhia tias yuav tsum tau nthuav dav sim ua khoom noj rau cov khoom ua paug lom. ”2010
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov paj tau kuj tau paub tias yuav nkag los rau tsoomfwv cov koom haum koom nrog hauv kev tswj tshuaj lom neeg. Ib tsab xov xwm 2014 Newsweek los ntawm Zoë Schlanger txoj cai "Puas yog EPA Nyiam Kev Lag Luam Thaum Ntsuas Kev Raug Mob Nyuaj Siab?" suav nrog cov lus los ntawm tus kws saib xyuas tsiaj txhu Michelle Boone uas tau iab liam "'tag nrho lossis cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau siv hauv kev txheeb xyuas kev pheej hmoo tuaj yeem yog los ntawm kev tshawb fawb los ntawm kev lag luam, txawm tias meej meej [tsis sib haum xeeb]."
Nws yooj yim pom tau hais tias kev lag luam kho hniav muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog cov tshuaj fluoride vim tias cov txiaj ntsig tau los ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim cov tshuaj fluoride muaj cov khoom kho hniav. Ib qho ntxiv, cov txheej txheem hais txog tshuaj fluoride muab los ntawm tus kws kho hniav thiab cov neeg ua hauj lwm kho hniav kuj tseem tuaj yeem khwv tau nyiaj rau cov chaw kho hniav, 527 528 thiab cov lus nug raug hais txog kev thawb cov tshuaj fluoride rau cov neeg mob.
Hauv kev hais txog kev coj ua ntawm kev kho mob thiab kev kho hniav, lub hauv paus ntawm txoj cai kev noj qab haus huv txoj cai hu ua kev ceevfaj yuav tsum raug txiav txim siab ib yam nkaus. Qhov pib ua ntej ntawm txoj cai no yog tsim los ntawm cov lus cog tseg rau kev kho mob yav dhau los rau "ua ntej, tsis txhob ua mob rau." Txawm li cas los xij, qhov niaj hnub siv ntawm lub ntsiab cai ntawm kev ceev faj yeej tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm kev pom zoo thoob ntiaj teb.
Lub Ib Hlis 1998, ntawm ib lub rooj sib tham thoob ntiaj teb uas muaj cov kws tshawb fawb, cov kws lij choj, cov tsim txoj cai, thiab cov neeg ib puag ncig los ntawm Asmeskas, Canada thiab Europe, cov lus tshaj tawm raug cai tau kos npe thiab muaj npe hu ua "Cov Lus Tshaj Tawm ntawm Cov Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Tiv Thaiv." 530 Hauv nws, Cov lus qhia txuas ntxiv tau muab: “Thaum ib qho haujlwm ua rau muaj kev hem thawj tias yuav ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv lossis ib puag ncig, kev tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau ua txawm tias qee qhov ua rau thiab cuam tshuam rau kev sib raug zoo tsis tau tsim muaj. Hauv cov ntsiab lus no tus neeg tshaj tawm ntawm ib txoj haujlwm, ntau dua li pej xeem, yuav tsum ris lub nra pov thawj. "531
Tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, qhov kev xav tau rau kev siv qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov ntsiab cai ceeb toom tau cuam tshuam nrog kev siv fluoride. Cov kws sau ntawv hauv tsab xov xwm 2006 hu ua "Lub Cim Tiv Thaiv Tau Txais Dab Tsi Los Ua Pov Thawj-Kev Kho Hniav Zoo Li Cas?" tawm tswv yim tias yuav tsum tau suav nrog kev nthuav dav los ntawm txhua qhov chaw fluoride thiab cov neeg hloov pauv, thaum tseem hais tias cov neeg tuaj yeem tau txais cov "fluoridation" zoo tshaj plaws yam tsis muaj haus dej fluoridated .532 Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb soj ntsuam luam tawm xyoo 2014 hais txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev ceev faj lub hauv paus ntsiab lus uas raug siv rau cov tshuaj fluoride, thiab lawv tau siv lub tswv yim no ib kauj ruam ntxiv thaum lawv qhia tias peb niaj hnub kev nkag siab txog cov kab mob hniav "ua rau lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yav tom ntej rau cov tshuaj fluoride hauv kev tiv thaiv caries."
Fluoride Position Paper Authors
Dr. Jack Kall, DMD, FAGD, MIAOMT, yog ib tug phooj ywg ntawm Academy of General Dentistry thiab yav dhau los Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Kentucky tshooj. Nws yog Tus Kws Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij International of Oral Medicine thiab Toxicology (IAOMT) thiab txij li xyoo 1996 tau ua tus Thawj Coj ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj. Nws kuj tseem ua haujlwm ntawm Bioregulatory Medical Institute's (BRMI) Pawg Neeg Tawm Tswv Yim. Nws yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab American Academy rau Oral Systemic Health.
Dr. Griffin Cole, MIAOMT tau txais nws Mastership nyob rau hauv International Academy ntawm Oral Medicine thiab Toxicology nyob rau hauv 2013 thiab tau tsim lub Academy's Fluoridation Brochure thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb txog kev siv Ozone hauv paus kwj dej. Nws yog yav dhau los Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm IAOMT thiab ua haujlwm ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas, Pawg Saib Xyuas Fluoride, Pawg Sib Tham thiab yog Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm Txuj Ci.
Dr. David Kennedy tau xyaum kho hniav rau ntau tshaj 30 xyoo thiab so haujlwm los ntawm kev kho hniav hauv xyoo 2000. Nws yog Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm IAOMT yav dhau los thiab tau qhia rau kws kho hniav thiab lwm tus kws kho mob thoob plaws ntiaj teb txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev kho hniav, tshuaj lom mercury, thiab fluoride. Dr. Kennedy tau lees paub thoob ntiaj teb los ua tus neeg tawm tswv yim rau kev haus dej nyab xeeb, kev kho hniav lom neeg thiab yog tus thawj coj pom zoo hauv kev tiv thaiv kev kho hniav. Dr. Kennedy yog tus sau ua tiav thiab tus thawj coj ntawm qhov puav pheej-yeej documentary zaj duab xis Fluoridegate.
